作战篇 Waging War

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，沉馈粮，则表里之费，客东谈主之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费令嫒，然后十万之师举矣。其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不及。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者，不成善后来矣。

故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不成尽知用兵之利也。

善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。

国之贫于师者远输，远输则庶民贫。近师者贵卖，贵卖则庶民财竭，财竭则急于丘役。力屈华夏，内虚于家，庶民之费，十去其七；公家之费，破车罢马，甲胄矢弩，戟楯矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。

故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；慧秆一石，当吾二十石。

故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。故车战，得车十乘已上，赏其先得者。而更其旗号，车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。

故兵贵胜，不贵久。

故知兵之将，生民之司命，国度抚慰之主也。

【译文】

孙子说：用兵作战的一般限定是，若是动用战车千辆，辎重车千辆，甲卒十万，加上逾境沉去运输军粮，那么前线后方的费用，理睬使节门客的费用，作战器材的费用，车辆兵甲的维修开支，每天要耗资令嫒，然后十万雄师才智够出兵作战。

这么出兵作战，遥遥无期，队列就会困顿，锐气受挫，无力攻占城池，而队列恒久在外作战，也会导致国度财政发生费劲。若是队列困顿，锐气受挫，兵力耗尽，国内物质短缺，那么诸侯就会乘此危急前来骚动，其时即使有鬼蜮伎俩的东谈主，也不成营救危局了。

因此，在骨子作战中只外传过用兵虽拙而求速胜的，没见过只讲用兵工巧而追求遥遥无期的。战事久拖未定而对国度有益的情况，从来不曾有过。是以不透彻了解用兵危害的东谈主，也不可能透彻了解用兵的益处。

善于用兵作战的东谈主，兵员不再三搜集，粮草未几次运输；火器装备从国内取用，粮草到敌方去补充，这么，队列的粮草供应就不错弥漫了。

国度因用兵而贫寒，是由于兴师远征，远途运载，就使得庶民贫寒。队列驻地隔壁物价势必飞涨，物价腾贵就会使国度财力短缺，国度因此就急于加剧赋役。在战场上兵力耗尽，国内庶民便家室吞吐。庶民的财产将会耗掉十分之七；政府的财力，也会由于车辆的损坏，战马的疲毙，铠甲、箭弩、戟盾、矛橹的滥用补充以及征用拉辎重的牛车，而归天掉十分之六。

是以贤惠的将领，务求从敌国获得粮草供应，滥用敌方一钟食粮，尽头于从本国运来二十钟；动用敌方的一石草料，尽头于从本国运来二十石。

是以，要使将士斗胆杀敌，就应激勉士气；要使部队夺取敌方的军需物质，就必须实际犒赏。是以在车战中，但凡缉获战车十辆以上的，就要犒赏起首夺得战车的东谈主。况且夺得的战车要立即换上我军的旗帜，将其搀杂编入我方的战车队列。关于战俘，要优待和奉养他们，这即是所谓驯顺敌东谈主而使我方日益重大的原因。

因此，用兵作战，贵在快刀斩乱麻，而不宜遥遥无期。

是以懂得奈何用兵的将帅，是全球庆幸的掌捏者，国度抚慰的把持者。

【英文】

Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100000 men.

When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.

Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.

The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.

Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.

Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store.

Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.

In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.

Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.

（皆鲁晚报·皆鲁壹点记者 王娟 王晓莹 实习生 徐玉婷 张雅瑄 绘图 徐进）